Valve Steam UK Lawsuit: 2026 Case Facts & Legal Guide

Quick Answer Box
– What this case is: A £656 million opt-out collective action filed against Valve Corporation in the UK's Competition Appeal Tribunal, alleging that Steam's dominant market position and 30% revenue cut artificially inflated PC game prices for British consumers.
– Who qualifies: UK residents who purchased PC games through Steam between approximately 2018 and the present may be automatically included as claimants without registering.
– What it's worth: Individual payout estimates range from roughly £30 to £100 per qualifying claimant depending on purchase history, though the total fund remains subject to tribunal approval.

Case Snapshot

Introduction

The valve steam uk lawsuit is one of the largest consumer competition cases currently before a UK tribunal. Filed against Valve Corporation, the American company behind the Steam gaming platform, it claims that Valve's dominant position in PC game distribution allowed it to impose an inflated 30% revenue cut on developers, which then passed those costs onto British consumers through higher game prices.

The case is proceeding through the Competition Appeal Tribunal under the opt-out collective action mechanism introduced by the Consumer Rights Act 2019. That mechanism is relatively new in UK law and remains untested at this scale.

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The total claimed damages sit at approximately £656 million (roughly $830 million USD at current exchange). Millions of UK Steam users could be eligible for compensation without ever taking an active step to join the claim.

For U.S. readers and attorneys, this case sits at the intersection of platform-fee antitrust litigation and digital marketplace law, an area that has generated parallel scrutiny of Apple, Google, and Epic across multiple jurisdictions.

What Is the Valve Steam UK Lawsuit?

The Valve Steam UK lawsuit is a collective competition damages action brought before the Competition Appeal Tribunal in London. It alleges that Valve Corporation abused its dominant position in the PC gaming market in violation of Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998.

The claim was brought by Vicki Shotbolt, a consumer advocate appointed as the class representative claimant. Her legal team argues that Steam's control over PC game distribution, estimated at approximately 75% of the UK market for downloaded PC games, gave Valve unchecked pricing power.

The specific allegation is not simply that Valve charged developers too much. The claim is that this overcharge was passed through the supply chain, meaning UK consumers paid more for PC games than they would have in a competitive market.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys working in platform antitrust litigation have noted that pass-through damages claims of this type require sophisticated economic modeling, because claimants must prove not only that developers were overcharged but that those costs were systematically transferred to end-user retail prices.*

Key claim elements at a glance:

• Valve held approximately 75% market share in UK downloaded PC games
• The 30% revenue cut (or "take rate") is alleged to have been anticompetitive
• Developers, unable to distribute at scale elsewhere, allegedly passed costs to consumers
• Total consumer overcharge estimated at £656 million across the class period

What Does the Steam UK Lawsuit Claim?

The steam uk lawsuit rests on two foundational legal arguments. First, that Valve holds a dominant position in the relevant market. Second, that it exploited that dominance to impose pricing conditions that would not exist in a functioning competitive market.

Under Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998, it is not illegal to be dominant. It is illegal to abuse that dominance to the detriment of consumers or trading partners. The claimants argue the 30% revenue cut falls squarely within that prohibition.

The economic theory behind the claim draws on standard "but-for" analysis. Economists retained by the claimant side model what game prices would have been if Valve faced genuine competition, and the gap between that hypothetical price and actual prices paid represents the alleged overcharge to consumers.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys handling competition damages cases point to the pass-through rate as the critical battleground, specifically whether developers absorbed the Valve fee in their margins or transferred it to retail game prices, and by what percentage.*

Core allegations summarized:

• Valve's market dominance in PC game distribution is unlawfully exploited
• The 30% platform fee is supra-competitive relative to what a contested market would produce
• Developers had no viable alternative distribution channel at scale
• UK consumers paid an estimated overcharge embedded in game retail prices
• The class period runs from approximately October 2018 onward

The £656 Million Figure: How Was It Calculated?

The steam £656 million lawsuit damages figure is not a penalty. It represents the estimated aggregate consumer overcharge across the UK class for the relevant period. Understanding how that number was built is important for assessing both the claim's strength and its vulnerability on appeal.

The claimants' economic experts estimated Valve's competitive take rate, meaning what its revenue cut would be if the market were competitive, and compared it to the actual 30% charged. They then applied the difference as a cost that developers passed through to retail prices, aggregated across tens of millions of UK Steam transactions.

That methodology is exactly what defendants challenge. Valve is expected to argue that the pass-through rate is not nearly what claimants assume, that alternative platforms do exist, and that the 30% fee reflects legitimate platform investment costs including payment processing, cloud infrastructure, anti-piracy tooling, and user acquisition.

*Attorney Insight: Competing economic expert testimony on pass-through rates has decided platform-fee cases before, including in the Epic v. Apple proceedings in U.S. courts, where the pass-through question consumed considerable trial time.*

Steam UK Lawsuit 2026: Where Does the Case Stand?

As of 2026, the steam uk lawsuit 2026 is at a pivotal procedural stage. The Collective Proceedings Order (CPO) application, which is the formal certification that allows the case to proceed as a class action, was being heard by the Competition Appeal Tribunal through late 2025 and into 2026.

A CPO is not automatic. The tribunal must determine that the claims are suitable for collective proceedings, that the proposed class representative is appropriate, and that the case has a realistic prospect of success on its merits at a threshold level.

If the tribunal grants the CPO, the case advances to full proceedings and potentially trial. If certification is refused, the case cannot proceed as a collective action, though individual claims theoretically remain possible.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys monitoring UK collective proceedings note that CPO certification hearings have become the primary battleground in competition class actions, with defendants investing heavily in challenging certification before the merits are ever reached.*

2026 procedural timeline:

• 2022: Collective action filed at the CAT (Case Ref: CAT 1584/7/7/22)
• 2023-2024: Preliminary hearings, disclosure, and expert evidence preparation
• 2025: CPO certification hearing commenced
• 2026: Tribunal determination on CPO expected; if granted, discovery and trial scheduling to follow
• Post-CPO: Merits trial, if granted, likely 2027-2028 at earliest

Litigation Watch: The CPO certification decision expected in 2026 is the single most consequential near-term event in this case. A grant certifies the class and moves £656 million in potential liability forward; a refusal effectively ends the collective action.

What Is the Competition Appeal Tribunal?

The Competition Appeal Tribunal is a specialist judicial body in the United Kingdom. It handles appeals and claims arising from competition law, including collective damages actions brought under the Consumer Rights Act 2019.

Established under the Enterprise Act 2002, the CAT is chaired by a senior judge and includes specialist lay members with economics and business expertise. It is not a general civil court. Its judges and members understand market analysis, economic modeling, and the technical architecture of competition law at a level that general courts do not.

This specialization matters in a case like the Valve Steam proceeding because the core disputes, market definition, dominance assessment, pass-through econometrics, are deeply technical. The CAT is built precisely for this kind of analysis.

*Attorney Insight: Practitioners who work before the CAT consistently note that its hybrid judicial-economic composition means economic evidence receives more rigorous scrutiny than in general civil proceedings, which raises the bar for both sides on expert testimony quality.*

CAT key facts:

How Does the Steam UK Collective Action Work?

The steam uk collective action operates under a procedural framework established by the Consumer Rights Act 2019. This framework introduced opt-out collective proceedings to UK competition law for the first time, modeled loosely on U.S. class action procedure but with distinct differences.

Under this system, a class representative, in this case Vicki Shotbolt, brings the claim on behalf of all qualifying UK consumers simultaneously. Individual claimants do not need to file anything. They are automatically included in the class unless they actively choose to opt out.

The class representative carries the litigation forward. Any damages award is distributed to class members through a process managed by the tribunal and the representative. Unclaimed funds, if any remain after distribution, are directed to a specified third party, typically a consumer charity or competition research body, rather than reverting to the defendant.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys familiar with both U.S. class actions and UK collective proceedings note that the UK model places significantly more procedural gatekeeping at the certification stage, but once certified, the opt-out nature means class size can be very large with minimal individual participation required.*

How participation works:

• Who is in: All qualifying UK residents automatically, unless they opt out
• What claimants must do: Nothing, unless they choose to exclude themselves
• How damages are paid: Distributed by the class representative post-award
• What happens to unclaimed damages: Directed to approved cy-pres recipient
• Individual claims possible: Yes, but impractical given small per-person amounts

Is the Valve UK Class Action Opt-In or Opt-Out?

The valve uk class action is structured as an opt-out proceeding. This is the defining feature of the mechanism introduced by the Consumer Rights Act 2019 and represents a significant departure from earlier UK litigation practice.

In an opt-in model, consumers must affirmatively register to join. In an opt-out model, every qualifying person within the defined class is automatically a claimant. Only those who affirmatively choose to exclude themselves fall outside the case.

For this Valve proceeding, the practical implication is substantial. Millions of UK residents who purchased games through Steam during the relevant period are potential class members without ever having heard of the lawsuit. That is by design, and it is what makes the total damages figure reach into the hundreds of millions.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys handling opt-out proceedings note that the notice requirements in UK collective actions, specifically how potential class members are informed of the case and of their right to opt out, are a distinct area of procedural scrutiny that the tribunal oversees carefully.*

Opt-out vs. opt-in: key distinctions:

Who Qualifies for the Steam UK Lawsuit?

The who qualifies steam uk lawsuit question has a relatively broad answer, which reflects the opt-out design of the proceeding. The defined class covers UK residents who purchased games through Steam during the relevant class period.

The current class definition, as set out in the CPO application, targets individuals who were habitually resident in the United Kingdom and who purchased PC games through the Steam platform during the class period running from approximately October 2018 onward. The end date of the class period will be confirmed as part of the CPO process.

There is no minimum purchase threshold established yet. Anyone who bought even a single game through Steam during the period is potentially within the class. Corporate purchasers and professional game developers purchasing on commercial accounts may be excluded, as the claim focuses on consumer overcharges rather than business-to-business transactions.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys advising potential class members note that in opt-out proceedings, individuals do not benefit from consulting with separate counsel unless they are considering opting out for specific reasons, such as pursuing a higher-value individual claim.*

Qualifying criteria (subject to CPO confirmation):

• UK habitual residence during the class period
• Purchased one or more games via Steam as a consumer
• Class period: approximately October 2018 to present
• Not excluded as a commercial or developer account
• No minimum spend threshold currently proposed

Litigation Watch: The class definition approved in the CPO will determine exactly how many millions of UK consumers are within the case, which directly controls both total damages and per-claimant distribution amounts.

Steam UK Lawsuit Compensation: What Could Claimants Receive?

Steam uk lawsuit compensation amounts for individual claimants depend on several variables that have not yet been fully resolved at the tribunal level. The broad figures currently projected by claimant-side economists reflect aggregate modeling, not guaranteed per-person payouts.

Based on the £656 million total claim spread across an estimated UK Steam user population with purchase history, per-claimant distributions have been discussed in ranges of approximately £30 to £100 for average consumers. Heavy purchasers of PC games over multiple years could see higher individual distributions if a purchase-volume-linked distribution formula is adopted.

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That formula has not yet been approved. The tribunal will oversee how any damages award is structured and distributed. In some UK collective actions, a flat-rate distribution per class member is used for administrative simplicity. In others, purchase-linked allocations are adopted to reflect relative harm.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys tracking UK collective proceedings distribution disputes note that the distribution methodology often becomes a second litigation front after liability is resolved, particularly in large consumer classes where individual record-keeping varies.*

Projected compensation ranges:

*All figures are illustrative estimates based on reported claimant economic modeling. Actual amounts subject to tribunal determination.*

Steam UK Lawsuit Payout: How Are Individual Amounts Determined?

The steam uk lawsuit payout calculation involves a process the tribunal will supervise carefully. It is not simply a matter of dividing £656 million by the number of class members.

First, the tribunal must find liability, meaning Valve must be found to have abused its dominant position. Then it must quantify aggregate damages at the class level. Then it must approve a distribution scheme that fairly allocates those damages across millions of claimants with varying purchase histories.

Purchase records held by Valve itself will be central to this process. The tribunal has the authority to compel disclosure of transaction data. However, privacy considerations under UK GDPR complicate how that data flows into any distribution calculation, which is an area that has received less public attention than the headline figure.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys involved in post-judgment distribution in large collective actions consistently identify data access and verification as a primary logistical challenge, particularly when defendants control the records needed to calculate individual payments.*

Payout determination factors:

• Tribunal finding on liability (must occur first)
• Quantum of aggregate damages approved
• Distribution formula adopted (flat-rate vs. purchase-linked)
• Unclaimed fund disposition
• Administrative costs deducted before distribution
• Opt-out rate reducing class size

Valve's 30% Cut: The Core Antitrust Allegation

The steam 30% cut lawsuit allegation sits at the center of the entire case. Valve charges game developers a 30% revenue share on all sales made through Steam. This is sometimes called the "take rate" or "platform fee."

The claimants' core argument is that this 30% rate is the product of market dominance rather than competitive pricing. In a market where multiple platforms competed equally for developer partnerships, the argument runs, developers would have negotiated lower rates and passed savings to consumers.

Valve's defense is expected to center on two points: first, that 30% is an industry-standard rate not specific to Steam; second, that Steam's fee reflects legitimate value delivered to developers, including a 100-million-plus user base, payment infrastructure, anti-piracy systems, and customer support architecture.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys handling platform-fee antitrust cases note that the "industry standard" defense cuts both ways: if all major platforms charge 30%, it can suggest coordinated market behavior rather than exonerating any individual platform.*

The 30% rate in market context:

What the Steam Developer Fee Lawsuit Means for the Industry

The steam developer fee lawsuit carries implications that extend well beyond the UK consumer class. It is one of several coordinated and parallel legal challenges to platform take-rate structures that are reshaping how digital storefronts price their services globally.

In the United States, Wolfire Games brought a federal antitrust action against Valve in the Northern District of California (Case No. 2:21-cv-00563), which was later joined by other independent developers. That case, distinct from the UK consumer claim, challenges the same 30% rate from the developer side rather than the consumer side.

Taken together, the UK consumer collective action and the U.S. developer antitrust litigation represent a two-front legal pressure campaign on Valve's revenue model. A damages award in either jurisdiction creates precedent pressure in the other.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys advising platform companies have noted that the simultaneous pursuit of consumer-side and developer-side antitrust claims against the same pricing practice creates compounded liability exposure that no single favorable ruling fully resolves.*

Parallel litigation landscape:

Litigation Watch: The combination of UK consumer damages claims and U.S. developer antitrust proceedings means Valve faces coordinated legal pressure on its revenue model from both sides of the Atlantic, with 2026 serving as the critical year for certification outcomes in the UK.

Steam and Valve Antitrust UK: The Competition Law Framework

The steam valve antitrust uk case applies UK domestic competition law rather than EU competition law, a distinction that became legally material following Brexit. The applicable framework is the Competition Act 1998, which mirrors the structure of Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union but operates as independent UK statute law.

Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998 prohibits abuse of a dominant position in a market. "Dominant" generally means holding a market share above approximately 40%, though dominance is contextual. With approximately 75% of the UK market for downloaded PC games, Valve's dominance is unlikely to be the primary dispute. The fight will be about whether the conduct constitutes abuse.

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has not formally found against Valve in this matter. The collective action is a private damages claim, not a regulatory enforcement action. That distinction is significant: the claimants bear the full burden of proving both dominance and abuse without the benefit of a prior regulatory infringement decision.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys bringing private competition claims without a prior regulatory finding face a substantially heavier evidentiary burden, which is reflected in the level of economic expert evidence deployed in these proceedings.*

UK competition law framework applied:

Steam UK Lawsuit Settlement: Could This Resolve Before Trial?

A steam uk lawsuit settlement is not publicly anticipated at present, but settlement remains a live possibility at any stage of UK competition collective proceedings. Defendants in large-scale competition cases frequently assess settlement calculus as CPO certification approaches, because certification dramatically increases litigation cost and publicity exposure.

Valve has significant financial resources and a demonstrated willingness to contest legal actions across multiple jurisdictions. The company settled a separate European Commission investigation related to cross-border game sales blocking in 2021, paying approximately €1.6 million and making commitments to cease geoblocking practices. That settlement gives some indication of how Valve weighs regulatory exposure against reputational cost.

Whether a settlement in the UK consumer case is achievable depends on whether the CPO is granted and what the tribunal's initial liability analysis suggests. Settlement negotiations, if they occur, would almost certainly happen out of public view.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys who have handled UK collective proceedings note that post-CPO settlement conferences are common, and that the tribunal itself has the power to facilitate structured discussions between parties if both sides signal interest.*

Settlement probability indicators:

• CPO granted: settlement probability increases significantly
• CPO refused: settlement effectively unnecessary from Valve's perspective
• U.S. litigation outcome: may influence UK settlement calculus
• Valve's 2021 EU settlement: precedent for negotiated resolution
• Class size post-certification: larger class increases defendant's settlement incentive

Steam UK Lawsuit Filing Deadline: What Claimants Need to Know

The steam uk lawsuit filing deadline question requires careful framing. Because this is an opt-out collective action, the operative deadline concept for most UK Steam users is not a filing deadline but rather an opt-out deadline.

Individual UK consumers do not need to file anything to participate. They are automatically within the class if the CPO is granted. The CAT will set a formal opt-out window after certification, during which class members who wish to exclude themselves must submit written notification.

The opt-out deadline has not yet been established. It will be set by the tribunal following a successful CPO determination. Based on comparable UK collective proceedings, opt-out windows typically run for approximately 90 to 120 days following the notice period that must precede them.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys advising individuals who have large individual damage claims are noting that the decision whether to opt out, potentially to pursue a standalone claim, must be evaluated carefully before the opt-out deadline passes, as opting back in after the deadline is not permitted.*

Deadline timeline (projected):

Valve UK Lawsuit Status: Key Procedural Milestones

The valve uk lawsuit status as of 2026 centers on the CPO certification decision. This is the case's current procedural fulcrum. Everything downstream, discovery scope, trial scheduling, settlement pressure, and distribution design, depends on the outcome of that determination.

The CAT has received extensive evidence from both sides at the certification hearing. Valve's legal team has challenged the proposed class definition, the adequacy of the class representative, and the methodology underlying the £656 million damages estimate. Claimants have defended all three.

A ruling is not guaranteed to arrive on a fixed schedule. The CAT has discretion over its timetable, though both parties and the wider market are watching closely given the case's scale.

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*Attorney Insight: Attorneys tracking CAT collective proceedings note that the tribunal has become increasingly rigorous in its CPO analysis following the UK Supreme Court's ruling in Merricks v Mastercard [2020] UKSC 51, which clarified that the certification threshold is not a mini-trial on the merits but does require a reasonable approach to aggregate damages methodology.*

Key milestones at a glance:

UK Competition Law vs. U.S. Antitrust: How the Frameworks Differ

The steam competition law uk framework and the U.S. antitrust framework applied in the parallel Wolfire litigation share conceptual DNA but operate through structurally distinct mechanisms. Understanding the differences helps explain why the UK case is proceeding faster toward a collective outcome.

In the United States, private antitrust class actions under Sherman Act Section 2 require class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, which courts have historically applied strictly in antitrust contexts. U.S. courts also require individual damages calculations to be provable by common classwide proof, a requirement that has defeated certification in other platform cases.

The UK opt-out mechanism, introduced in 2015 and expanded in 2019, is deliberately designed to lower that barrier. The CAT applies a more accessible certification standard and allows aggregate damages without requiring individual proof from each class member. That design reflects Parliament's deliberate policy choice to enable consumer competition claims that would otherwise be economically unviable.

*Attorney Insight: U.S. antitrust attorneys monitoring the UK proceeding have noted that a successful CPO certification and liability finding in the UK could generate persuasive evidentiary material for the parallel U.S. developer case, even though the two legal systems are formally separate.*

Legal framework comparison:

Litigation Watch: A CPO grant in the UK would place pressure on U.S. courts handling platform-fee antitrust claims, not as binding precedent but as evidence that sophisticated judicial bodies find the economic theory viable at a certifiable scale.

Steam PC Gaming Lawsuit UK: What Happens Next?

The steam pc gaming lawsuit uk trajectory through 2026 and beyond follows a path that depends almost entirely on the CPO determination. Readers tracking this case should watch for the tribunal's certification ruling above all other developments.

If the CPO is granted, the case moves into a merit hearing phase. Valve will contest liability on both dominance and abuse grounds. Economic expert testimony will be central. A liability finding then opens the damages phase, where the £656 million figure will be tested against Valve's counter-evidence.

If the CPO is refused, the claimant-side team may seek permission to appeal to the Court of Appeal. Alternatively, they may reformulate the class definition and refile. Neither path is quick, and neither eliminates the underlying legal theory that Valve's pricing model warrants antitrust scrutiny.

*Attorney Insight: Attorneys who study CAT jurisprudence note that the tribunal's approach to CPO applications has grown more structured since Merricks v Mastercard, with courts applying a genuine proportionality test to whether collective proceedings are the best mechanism for the harm alleged, which in this case appears to meet that threshold given the small per-consumer harm spread across a very large class.*

What to watch in 2026 and beyond:

• CAT CPO determination (most critical near-term event)
• Any Valve motion to strike the damages methodology
• Progress in the parallel U.S. N.D. Cal. case
• Any CMA regulatory interest in Steam's market behavior
• Developer ecosystem response, particularly smaller studios
• Platform fee policy changes by Valve (which could affect damages calculation)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Valve Steam UK lawsuit about?

The Valve Steam UK lawsuit is a competition damages claim alleging Valve abused its dominant position in the UK PC gaming market through its 30% revenue cut, which is claimed to have inflated consumer game prices.

The case was filed at the Competition Appeal Tribunal in 2022 and seeks approximately £656 million in compensation for UK Steam users.

It proceeds as an opt-out collective action under the Consumer Rights Act 2019.

Do I need to register to be included in the Steam UK collective action?

No registration is required for UK residents who purchased games on Steam during the class period.

The opt-out structure of the proceeding means qualifying individuals are automatically included unless they take active steps to exclude themselves.

An opt-out window will be established by the CAT after any successful CPO certification.

How much compensation could Steam users receive if Valve loses?

Individual payout estimates range from approximately £30 to £100 based on the aggregate £656 million claim divided across the estimated qualifying class.

Heavy purchasers of Steam games over multiple years may receive higher amounts if a purchase-volume-linked distribution formula is adopted.

The exact distribution formula has not yet been approved by the tribunal.

What is the Competition Appeal Tribunal and why is it handling this case?

The Competition Appeal Tribunal is a specialist UK judicial body with expertise in competition law and market economics, established under the Enterprise Act 2002.

It was designated to handle opt-out collective competition claims under the Consumer Rights Act 2019, making it the correct venue for this type of consumer damages action.

Its specialist composition, combining senior judges with economic experts as lay members, makes it well-suited to assess the complex market analysis at the heart of this case.

Has Valve responded to the UK lawsuit allegations?

Valve has contested the proceedings at the CPO certification stage, challenging the proposed class definition, the adequacy of the class representative, and the damages methodology.

The company has not publicly admitted liability and is expected to contest the case at every procedural stage.

Valve settled a separate European Commission geoblocking investigation in 2021 but has not signaled similar willingness in this consumer damages context.

Could the Steam UK lawsuit result in a settlement before trial?

Settlement is possible at any stage, particularly if the CPO is granted, which would dramatically increase Valve's litigation cost and public exposure.

Valve's 2021 settlement with the European Commission over a separate matter demonstrates that the company will negotiate under sufficient regulatory and legal pressure.

No settlement talks have been publicly disclosed as of 2026, and the case is proceeding through certification as an actively contested matter.

Closing

The valve steam uk lawsuit represents one of the most significant tests of the UK's opt-out collective competition mechanism to date. The CPO determination expected in 2026 will signal whether large-scale consumer platform-fee claims can proceed through this mechanism to a merits hearing.

For UK Steam users, no action is currently required. The opt-out design of the proceeding means participation is automatic. Monitoring the tribunal's CPO ruling is the relevant next step.

Readers with specific questions about the proceedings, including whether opting out to pursue an independent claim makes sense given an unusually high personal damages figure, should consult with a solicitor who practices competition law or a U.S. attorney tracking platform antitrust litigation, depending on their jurisdiction.

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